Biomarker strategies to predict need for renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury.
Semin Dial. 2011 Mar-Apr;24(2):124-31
Authors: Cruz DN, de Geus HR, Bagshaw SM
Abstract
The early detection and diagnos…

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The use of renal replacement therapy in acute decompensated heart failure.

Semin Dial. 2009 Mar-Apr;22(2):173-9

Authors: Udani SM, Murray PT

The worsening of renal function in the context of decompensated heart failure is an increasingly common clinical scenario, dubbed the cardiorenal syndrome. Its development is not completely understood; however, it results from the hemodynamic and neurohumoral alterations that occur in the setting of left ventricular pressure and volume overload with poor cardiac output. Diuretics have been the mainstay of treatment; however, they are often unsuccessful in reversing the vicious cycle of volume overload, worsening cardiac function, and azotemia. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the form of isolated or continuous ultrafiltration (UF) with or without a component of solute clearance (hemofiltration or hemodialysis) has been increasingly utilized as a therapeutic tool in this setting. Initial clinical trial data on the use of UF have demonstrated promising cardiac outcomes with regard to fluid removal and symptom relief without worsening renal function. The addition of a component of solute clearance may provide additional benefits in these patients with varying degrees of renal impairment. The exact clinical setting in which the various forms of RRT should be applied as initial or early therapy for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) remains unknown. More research examining the use of RRT in ADHF is necessary; however, it appears that the patients with the most severe clinical presentations have the best chance of benefiting from the early application of RRT.

PMID: 19426424 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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The evolving ecology of risk for hospitalized dialysis patients.

Semin Dial. 2009 Jan-Feb;22(1):5-8

Authors: Sandroni S

Despite an increased focus on patient safety, changes in resident work rules and contemporary hospital culture often combine to create an environment of potential hazard for the hospitalized dialysis patient. Clinical scenarios are presented to illustrate some of these risks, and suggestions are offered for the protection of patients.

PMID: 19175531 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Surface-treated catheters–a review.

Semin Dial. 2008 Nov-Dec;21(6):542-6

Authors: Dwyer A

Almost 30% of prevalent hemodialysis patients use catheters for vascular access although outcomes are superior with the use of either an arteriovenous fistula or a synthetic graft. Catheter complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality for hemodialysis patients and increase the burden on the health care system. Surface-treated catheters have been developed to combat the three most common causes of catheter failure: infection, fibrin sheath formation, and thrombus formation. Two types of catheter surface treatments are available: antimicrobial coatings and antithrombotic coatings. Surface treatment of central venous catheters with antimicrobial materials reduces both bacterial colonization and the incidence of catheter-related bacteremia in critical care patients by 30-50%. Antithrombotic coatings reduce platelet adhesion, inhibit the inflammatory response, and reduce thrombus formation on coronary stents, ventricular assist devices, central venous catheters, and vascular grafts. However, few reports on the use of surface-treated catheters in the chronic hemodialysis patient population exist. At the present time, it is difficult to justify the increased cost of surface-treated catheters for chronic hemodialysis in the absence of clinical data demonstrating that they reduce catheter-related complications in this patient population.

PMID: 19000120 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Hemodialysis catheter-associated central venous stenosis.

Semin Dial. 2008 Nov-Dec;21(6):522-7

Authors: Yevzlin AS

The purpose of this review is to explore the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and interventional treatment of central vein stenosis (CVS) that may result from central vein catheter (CVC) placement. The precise mechanism of CVC-associated CVS remains largely undefined, though anatomic considerations appear to play a prominent pathologic role. The impact of CVC-associated CVS on arteriovenous fistula outcomes is reviewed. The percutaneous treatment of CVS, observation, angioplasty, or angioplasty with stent placement is reviewed, along with potential surgical treatment options. As the treatment outcomes of CVC-associated CVS have been disappointing, catheter avoidance remains the best strategy.

PMID: 19000123 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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