2010 guidelines of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology for the management of hypertension.

J Formos Med Assoc. 2010 Oct;109(10):740-73

Authors: Chiang CE, Wang TD, Li YH, Lin TH, Chien KL, Yeh HI, Shyu KG, Tsai WC, Chao TH, Hwang JJ, Chiang FT, Chen JH,

Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for atherosclerosis-related mortality and morbidity. In this document, the Hypertension Committee of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology provides new guidelines for hypertension management. The key messages are as follows. (1) The life-time risk for hypertension is 90%. (2) Both the increase in the prevalence rate and the relative risk of hypertension for causing cardiovascular events are higher in Asians than in Caucasians. (3) The control rate has been improved significantly in Taiwan from 2.4% to 21% in men, and from 5% to 29% in women in recent years (1995-2002). (4) Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) = 130/80 mmHg are thresholds of treatment for high-risk patients, such as those with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, stroke, established coronary heart disease, and coronary heart disease equivalents (carotid artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, and abdominal aortic aneurysm). (5) Ambulatory and home BP monitoring correlate more closely with end-organ damage and have a stronger relationship with cardiovascular events than office BP monitoring, but the feasibility of home monitoring makes it a more attractive alternative. (6) Patients with masked hypertension have higher cardiovascular risk than those with white-coat hypertension. (7) Lifestyle changes should be encouraged in all patients, and include the following six items: S-ABCDE (Salt restriction; Alcohol limitation; Body weight reduction; Cessation of smoking; Diet adaptation; Exercise adoption). (8) When pharmacological therapy is needed, physicians should consider "PROCEED" (Previous experience of patient; Risk factors; Organ damage; Contraindication or unfavorable conditions; Expert or doctor judgment; Expense or cost; Delivery and compliance) to decide the optimal treatment. (9) The main benefits of antihypertensive agents are derived from lowering of BP per se, and are generally independent of the drugs being used, except that certain associated cardiovascular conditions might favor certain classes of drugs. (10) There are five major classes of drugs: thiazide diuretics; ?-blockers; calcium channel blockers; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs); and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Any one of these can be used as the initial treatment, except for ?-blockers, which are only indicated in patients with heart failure, a history of coronary heart disease, and hyperadrenergic state. (11) A standard dose of any one of the five major classes of antihypertensive drugs can produce an ?10-mmHg decrease in systolic BP (rule of 10) and a 5-mmHg decrease in diastolic BP (rule of 5), after placebo subtraction. (11) Combination therapy is frequently needed for optimal control of BP, and the amount of the decrease in BP by a two-drug combination is approximately the same as the sum of the decrease by each individual drug (?20 mmHg in systolic BP and 10 mmHg in diastolic BP) if their mechanisms of action are independent, with the exception of the combination of ACEIs and ARBs. (13) An ACEI or ARB plus a calcium channel blocker or a diuretic (A + C or A + D) are reasonable two-drug combinations, and A+C + D is a reasonable three-drug combination, unless patients have special indications for ?-blockers. (14) Single-pill (fixed-dose) combinations that contain more than one drug in a single tablet are highly recommended because they reduce pill burden and cost, and improve compliance. (15) Very elderly patients (> 80 years) should be treated without delay, but BP should be reduced gradually and more cautiously. Finally, these guidelines are not mandatory; the responsible physician's decision remains most important in hypertension management.

PMID: 20970072 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Repeated pneumonia severity index measurement after admission increases its predictive value for mortality in severe community-acquired pneumonia.

J Formos Med Assoc. 2009 Mar;108(3):219-23

Authors: Chen CZ, Fan PS, Lin CC, Lee CH, Hsiue TR

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is associated with high hospital mortality, and accurate assessment of patients is important for supporting clinical decision making. The Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) is a good tool for predicting disease severity, especially in the low-risk group of patients with CAP. We investigated whether the change in PSI measurement after admission could identify patients at high risk of mortality from CAP. METHODS: We prospectively studied 250 inpatients with CAP. PSI was measured at admission and 72 hours later at a tertiary referral medical center from May 2005 to February 2006. The initial and repeated PSI results were compared. Hospital mortality was used as the outcome measure. RESULTS: Initial PSI in high-risk patients (PSI class > IV) had a low specificity (37%), and a low positive predictive value (PPV) (17%). Increased repeated PSI score, as compared with initial score, was associated with an increased mortality rate (from 7.8% to 33.3% in class IV, and 25.3% to 53.3% in class V; p < 0.0001), and improved the predictive value, with 94% specificity and a PPV of 46% for mortality in high-risk patients. CONCLUSION: Increased PSI score, 72 hours after admission, for patients with CAP improved the predictive value of PSI score and more accurately identified patients with a high risk of mortality.

PMID: 19293037 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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